Hegel, Communisme en Nazisme essays

Hegel, Communisme en Nazisme essays 2. Hegels Phnomenologie des Geistes 2 3. Hegels invloed op het communisme en nazisme 5 4. Het gevaar van een naieve benadering 8 Het is vreemd dat in de meeste gevallen Nietzsche wordt aangewezen als de grote beweger van totalitaire politieke stromingen. Deze filosoof is in zijn werk duidelijk beinvloed door Hegel en heeft veel van zijn ideen overgenomen. Geen enkele filosoof kan om het werk van Hegel heen. Zijn werk speelt een belangrijke rol in de ontwikkeling van de politiek in de 19e eeuw. Het lijkt erop dat veel totalitaire politieke stromingen delen van zijn gedachtegoed hebben overgenomen. Het communisme en nazisme lijken bijvoorbeeld gefundeerd op Hegels concept van het Absolute en de Weltgeist. Ik zal in dit werkstuk ingaan de vraag beantwoorden waarom het volgens Hegel noodzakelijk is dat wij niet op een naieve manier een beroep doen op het concept van het Absolute. Ik zal het antwoord op deze vraag geven door Hegels ideen te vergelijken met totalitaire politieke stromingen. Om deze vraag zo goed mogelijk te beantwoorden is het noodzakelijk om Hegels werk ten dele te beschrijven. In de tweede paragraaf zal daarom zijn Phnomenologie des Geistes worden beschreven. Hierna zal ik in de derde paragraaf Hegels invloed op het communisme en nazisme schetsen aan de hand van de in paragraaf twee naar voren gekomen ideen. In de vierde en laatste paragraaf zal ik duidelijk maken wat deze totalitaire regimes missen in hun benadering van het Absolute en in de conclusie zal ik tot een antwoord komen op de hiervoor gestelde vraag. 2. Hegels Phnomenologie des Geistes Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel leefde van 1770 tot 1831. Zijn belangrijkste werk is de Phnomenologie des Geistes (1807) en het is ook het eerste van slechts vier werken. De fenomenologie is de filosofische stroming die uitgaat van de verschijningsvormen van de objecten, dit boek gaat dan ook over de verschijningsvormen van de Ge...

Double Displacement Reaction Definition and Examples

Double Displacement Reaction Definition and Examples A double displacement reaction is a type of reaction where two reactants exchange ions to form two new compounds. Double displacement reactions typically result in the formation of a product that is a precipitate. Double displacement reactions take the form:AB CD → AD CB The reaction occurs most often between ionic compounds, although technically the bonds formed between the chemical species may be either ionic or covalent in nature. Acids or bases also participate in double displacement reactions. The bonds formed in the product compounds are the same type of bonds as seen in the reactant molecules. Usually, the solvent for this type of reaction is water. Alternative Terms A double displacement reaction is also known as salt metathesis reaction, double replacement reaction, exchange, or sometimes a double decomposition reaction, although that term is used when one or more of the reactants does not dissolve in the solvent. Double Displacement Reaction Examples The reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride  is a double displacement reaction. The silver trades its nitrite ion for the sodiums chloride ion, causing the sodium to pick up the nitrate anion.AgNO3 NaCl → AgCl NaNO3 Heres another example: BaCl2(aq) Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) 2 NaCl(aq) How To Recognize a Double Displacement Reaction The easiest way to identify a double displacement reaction is to check to see whether or not the cations exchanged anions with each other. Another clue, if the states of matter are cited, is to look for aqueous reactants and the formation of one solid product (since the reaction typically generates a precipitate). Types of Double Displacement Reactions Double displacement reactions may be classified into several categories, including counter-ion exchange, alkylation, neutralization, acid-carbonate reactions, aqueous metathesis with precipitation (precipitation reactions), and aqueous metathesis with double decomposition (double decomposition reactions). The two types most commonly encountered in chemistry classes are precipitation reactions and neutralization reactions. A precipitation reaction occurs between two aqueous ionic compounds to form a new insoluble ionic compound. Heres an example reaction, between lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide to form (soluble) potassium nitrate and (insoluble) lead iodide. Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2 KI(aq) → 2 KNO3(aq) PbI2(s) The lead iodide forms what is called the precipitate, while the solvent (water) and soluble reactants and products are termed the supernate or supernatant. Formation of a precipitate drives the reaction in a forward direction, as the product leaves the solution. Neutralization reactions are double displacement reactions between acids and bases. When the solvent is water, a neutralization reaction typically produces an ionic compounda salt. This type of reaction proceeds in the forward direction if at least one of the reactants is a strong acid or a strong base. The reaction between vinegar and baking soda in the classic baking soda volcano is an example of a neutralization reaction. This particular reaction then proceeds to release a gas (carbon dioxide), which is responsible for the fizz of the reaction. The initial neutralization reaction is: NaHCO3 CH3COOH(aq) → H2CO3 NaCH3COO Youll notice the cations exchanged anions, but the way the compounds are written, its a bit trickier to notice the anion swap. The key to identifying the reaction as double displacement is to look at the atoms of the anions and compare them on both sides of the reaction.

University fees should not be abolished Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

University fees should not be abolished - Essay Example Before getting into the issue itself it is necessary to provide some discussion on the reasons why in some cases universities took on the initiative to abolish fees.The actions of the university are more or less the same in almost all developed countriesIn recent times some ideas have become redundant and politically incorrect. Most incoming students in the universities stand in long queue to get admission into the universities for the courses that have been closed for hours before they arrived. In such cases it is discouraging to ask students to pay for wasting time. The universities of the developed nations could not compete with the American economic system as they failed to bridge the gap in actual learning created by the public universities. Arguments There has been a long standing concern that pupils from lower socio economic backgrounds are forced to stay out from attaining higher education especially from attending universities. The social mobility is constraint due to high i nter generational correlation in attainment of education. Even if the concerns regarding the equity are left out then also efficiency is lost for the society as a whole. Two sets of actions can be undertaken to analyze the reason for the situation to arise. The first action can be directed towards intensive studies while the second action can be directed towards the policies necessary to address the issue. ... If en economic policy aims to eliminate a monopoly while the market becomes competitive as well as efficient the monopolist will be in a worse off situation. A competitive economy will result in Pareto optimal allocation when there is presence of full information in the economy and there is absence of externalities. Increasing returns to scale in technology is absent. The government can intervene into the market to facilitate the flow of information, manage the existing externalities, provide public goods and manage the income distribution within the society. The university or the college staffs can shift the resources effectively for more efficient allocation so as to ensure maximum outputs given inputs. As there inefficiencies in technical and allocation exist a significant portion of available resources go wasted. The state and university college is confronted with the Production Possibility Frontier. A tool can be designed for the purpose which will embody the resource constraint s and simplified assumptions on the college and university’s production possibilities. The assumptions as are follows: Two goods are produced while resources are fully utilized and budget is endowed as resources. The feasible and the non feasible mixes of output are depicted in the PPF. A Pareto efficient situation is possible only in cases where there are feasible mixes of output. Technical efficiency reflects the ability of a firm to avoid waste and attain maximum output level from a given set of inputs. The firm can attain such type of situation by mainly two ways. The firm produce as much output as possible by using the technology and inputs or by using just optimal amount

Talent and music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Talent and music - Essay Example This very definition of talent differentiates it from two terms that are mostly confused with talent (Brinner, 1995). These two terms include skills as well as knowledge. The difference between talent and skill as well as knowledge is that talent comes naturally and skills and knowledge can be developed by an individual. The term music is used to refer to the practice of arranging various tones in such a sequence that when they are vocalized in that sequence they end up creating a constant composition. This meaning of music differentiates music from what people believe music is. This meaning clearly reflects that music has to be in order and an individual singing or playing instruments without any order cannot be regarded as a musician and his creations cannot be regarded as music. Talent and music are two most commonly misunderstood terms by the general public. The public needs to realize that talent is inborn and cannot be obtained through rehearsal or training. The general public should not recognize any sound played through an instrument as music until it has a sequence that results in the creation of incessant

I Have a Dream Essay Example for Free

I Have a Dream Essay Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15th 1929. He was a pastor, activist and the prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement and is often presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism. He is most famous for his speech called â€Å"I have a dream†. It is about not being segregated or discriminated against and to have equal rights between white and black people. It is now recognized as one of the greatest speeches in history. Martin Luther King used a number of rhetorical devices in his speech. The main rhetorical device used throughout the speech is repetition and parallelism. In each paragraph he repeats different sentences to emphasize what he is saying. He repeats phrases such as ‘one hundred years later’, ‘we can never be satisfied’, ‘I have a dream’ and ‘now is the time’ to make the listener remember the parts he wants to emphasize. It is effective because the people are anticipating it so then they can join in. Also later on in life people will look back at the speeches and remember it for certain phrases because of the repetition. Martin Luther King also uses inclusive pronouns in his speech, for example we, our and addressing the audience as brothers and sisters. ‘The sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.† He makes the audience feel as though it is there duty as well to overcome the discrimination and try and make all the southern states of America united and equal. He also makes the audience feel like it is their dream too and not just his. Martin Luther used different parts of the English language to enhance the meaning of his speech and bring out the details. The different rhetorical devices, allusions to historic documents, and metaphors seemed to have brought about the emotions that King was trying to arouse in his listeners. This helped him influence his listeners towards wanting equality for all and changing what was happening in the present so they didnt repeat things in the past.

I Went to College :: Personal Narrative Essays

Narrative - I Went to College "Well, wish her good luck for me." I said. "Oh. It's none of it luck. She's got the Lord's blessing, and she's all right with that. There's no luck involved." I muttered a reply and walked away. Grandmothers. You just can't say anything to shake their confidence in their grandchildren. This one was trying to get to band camp by selling her artwork. It was clearly work by a fourteen-year-old, but it showed talent and promise. At five dollars a print, it wasn't too expensive. Of course, I can get a print of Escher for five dollars. She clearly likes flowers, that's for sure. She must have painted these in art class; there is a definite progression in her skill. The lumpily-colored frog looks pretty sad, but the lighthouse painting displays detail and careful effort in the lighting. Oh. there's her picture. Nice smile. This average-looking fourteen year old girl expects to pay for band camp by selling five dollar prints of amateur artwork. Wow. They were out of prints of several paintings already. If I wanted one that wasn't in the box, I could special order one. Five dollars. She plays multiple band instruments, with names Grandma doesn't remember. Talent and promise. I know what those are. I once showed talent and promise, back when I was fourteen. I played the trumpet, but I never went to band camp. I was too busy cultivating my stage magic and juggling skills, showing first hints of competence in computer programming, and letting go of my obesity through rigorous physical exercise. I wonder what my Grandma said back then. There was a time that I said "opportunity is my currency." Although I started out at a hardware store, I picked up a few programming jobs, started an Internet publication, and began and independent consultant programming job. Talent was my middle name, and Promise was the name of the pen I signed it with. I was going to live comfortably, maybe even have enough money to help my brother out; his medical costs are very high. I joined a local community band. She wants to become a forensic scientist. There you go, folks. Kids watch a television show about forensic scientists, and suddenly everyone wants to lead the exciting life of sorting through the physical remains of dead people and writing reports about it. On the other hand, maybe she can use her future skills to figure out what ever happened to me; by the time she graduates, I might well be dead.

Teenage Smoking

There are many teenage smokers in the Philippines and there are several causes and effects to this issue. Introduction I. Peer Pressure, Curiosity, Habit and Depression are the causes of teenagers that has been smoking cigarette. Based on my experience, Peer Pressure is one of the influential factors to teenage smokers. It occurs when a non-smoker joins a group of teenage smokers. When teenagers have been influenced most likely he or she will start smoking. The behavior and choices in their peer group that can influence others may have a negative impact.And for some reasons, teenage smokes in order not to be bullied and just to fit in with their peer group. According to Better Health Channel ( Feb.. 14, 2013), nowadays, teenagers smoke because Of curiosity. Examples Of their curiosity are media appearances to imitate the actors or models of their behavior or looks, cigarette advertisements and also on what they seen on adults or group of people who smokes cigarette that they become c urious of what cigarettes taste and feels like and why some people are addictive to it.So, curiosity as their question will be answered by trying or experiencing smoking. In this ease, parents lack to teach discipline and to warn their children of the negative effects of smoking cigarettes. So, teenagers are the one who seeks answer for their curiosity. Based on what I've seen to my brother, habit IS also a cause of smoking on teenagers because smoking everyday has already become part of their daily routine, they don't want cigarette but sometimes they need it. As a matter of fact, he smoke every after meal because he say that smoking helps him digest his food.Additionally, many of the teenagers or even adults who smoke minute by minute and they can consume or finish up to two or more cigarette sacks a day. They are already detached to it as their smoking habit that cannot be stop or quit. According to J. Cowlings (2011 Teenage smokes when they are depress due to some problems that they encounter. They smoke cigarettes as their pastime, such as making a round circle in the air and do crazy tricks that makes them relax, calm and relief stress while working.Also, it can help them think clearly when doing a decision making to their own problems. But as a result, in the article of J. Cowlings (2011), researchers said, â€Å"this evidence is consistent with the conclusion that there is a cause and effect relationship teen smoking and depression in which cigarette smoking increases the risk of symptoms of depression. † Therefore, teenage smokers don't know the real effect that it can still cause much more depression to them penthouse they said that it is an antidepressant. II. Effects of Smoking Colonization is one Of the effects Of smoking.Because, this is one Of their way to socialite to the other people. Some smokers usually gathered in one place there called it â€Å"Tambala† in this place there smoke cigarettes together while talking and after the y eat. If they smoke cigarette expect the most of heir friend is smokers because, one does not simply smoke cigarette alone. It's very boring when they smoke alone so to avoid these they find their friends via going to a â€Å"Tambala† to introduce themselves. Cigarette smokers became addicted because of the nicotine that cigarettes contain.According to news at Salaams Doc, one of the ABS-CB shows, that nicotine is the worst compared to marijuana and other drugs because of the long lasting effect. When they inhale the smoke of cigarette one of the chemicals passes thru their body is nicotine, after it spread to the body it attacks the brain and the user feel relaxation and increase of alertness. The worst of this chemical it is hard to remove to the body because of the brain is addicted to nicotine so if the body did not intake a nicotine the brain is craving. That's why they feel like uncomfortable if they don't smoke cigarettes.According to the book Biology concepts and app lication, smoking cigarettes has harmful effects to teenage smokers that can lead to bad health. Because, if they Start to smoke cigarette at early age they are prone to disease and easy to get sick because of their weak immunity due to smoking habit. According to the research teenage smokers are weak when it comes to sports because the lungs cannot function properly. Teenage smokers that start at early years are short people because the development of the body is stop and destroy of this cigarettes.They can die 10-20 years earlier than the non- smokers. Smoking a cigarettes is a very expensive habit. Addicted smokers can't stop a day without cigarette because they said that it is the thing that makes them happy. It's okay for them that they will not eat food just to smoke cigarette because they said that if you are hungry and you smoke you will feel full. According to research if they compute all expenses in buying cigarette over a year, they can buy a new motorcycle or to down pay ment a brand new car.

Why is authenticity important in the pro-anorexia community?

Abstract The main argument that is advocated in this paper is â€Å"rationality vs. irrationality† – that maladaptive behavior can be justified, sought after and conditioned by a process of ‘groupthink’ and internal shifts of power. As a result, authenticity plays a vital part in this behavior as the group will urge members to be true to their own beliefs and practices in order to further the individual’s search for a sense of concrete realism in a seemingly irrational world. Introduction This essay relates to the lecture Beauty, Eating and Feminine Media which focuses on the embodiment of femininity and its representation in the media. This is done through world-wide concentration on beauty and eating practices that are expressed in media, and also explains some of the disorders that can appear as a result of these practices. It is argued that hegemonic femininity is not singular; thus creating multiple femininities. With this in mind, the paper will explore the extent that femininities are a product of patriarchy – a process of intergroup distinction in and of themselves, or a combination of both. The media’s representation of disorders and problems associated with feminine beauty and eating habits can act as a form of female ‘othering’ and distinction from its counter gender. Consequently, just how much these categories offer valuable sites of resistance is examined. Moreover, this essay is related to the Body, Media and Society model, in order to examine ‘the body’ in society with a focus on the role of media in representing, stereotyping and medicalising ‘the body’ in society. It examines how social structure and ‘the body’ are inherently connected, how they interact and how that interaction impacts on both the body and society as a whole. The module draws on the disciplinary approaches of Sociology and Media and Communications; specifically the sub-disciplines of the Sociology of the Body and Medical Sociology. This essay focuses on pro-anorexia communities, and the reasons why authenticity is important in such a community . These reasons will be separated into respective paragraphs as such:Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa†¢Excessive weight loss †¢Food restraint †¢Fear of gaining weight †¢Obsessive vis-a-vis body image †¢10 times more likely in women †¢Affects young women & teenagers especially †¢A religious heritage? –Moral meanings –â€Å"Thin as sacred† / â€Å"fat as profane† (Boero and Pascoe, 2012)Notions of Community†¢Modernity and community –Stable, structured and physical (along class, gender, occupational or ethnic lines) †¢Postmodernity and community –Fluid and contingent, increased movement, virtual, viral, not reliant on modern social structures (class, gender, occupation, ethnicity). Is this a community at all?Pro-Anorexia Communities†¢2001 –Time magazine -‘Anorexia Goes High-Tech’ –Identifies pro-ana websites –Sites contain tips for weight loss, how to hide disorders from parents, deprivation diets †¢2008 –Newsweek –‘Out of the Shadow’ –Pro-anorexia communities emerge –Now interactive (Web 2.0) –Appear on facebook, myspace, etc. (Boero and Pascoe, 2012: 28) †¢Media articles and commentary is critical of pro-ana communities, thus the relation to capital is negativePro-Anorexia Communities†¢Non-recovery focused –Weight-loss information –Support (reinforcing anorexia rather than curing it) –Non-judgmental towards the disorder (Boero and Pascoe, 2012: 29) A highly contentious point –Challenges the image of isolated anorexics and â€Å"offers a view of anorexia built on interaction and, indeed, community† (ibid) –Women â€Å"log in to share their struggles, goals, triumphs, and failures in living a pro-ana lifestyle† (ibi d)Where do Boero and Pascoe Direct their Critique?†¢At traditional treatment: –â€Å"most traditional forms of treatment do not emphasize developing a feminist identity or integrate feminist critiques of feminine ideals that emphasize thinness and body perfection† (ibid) †¢At society at large – â€Å"constructions of femininity and the thin ideal fundamentally constitute the disorders themselves† (ibid) Considering that pro-ana communities harbor modern and post-modern characteristics, it will therefore be essential that the research undertaken for this paper covers a longitudinal frame of the history of ‘the body’ and specifically addresses the condition and the social representation of the female body in any given generation. To begin with, the paper explores the genesis of hegemonic femininity, dating back to the 1800’s when women were seen as ‘others’ who were judged solely on their appearance, who were exiled for having any of the same attributes as a man. This social construct gave birth to the now widespread theory of the â€Å"female psychological disorder†, after such movements as the ‘witch-hunt’, or the possession of the early modern witch (who were of course, younger women). Due to the nature of this construct, the social consequences saw a paradox emerging: rationality vs. irrationality. Younger women were conflicted within themselves, and began processing the irrational fixations the world around them had constructed with wholly rational elements of ‘the self’. Pro-ana communities therefore could label justified blame on this ideology, as the process of ‘othering’ had begun. This ‘othering’ soon led to a feeling a hegemonic femininity that wasn’t constructed by a universal form, but by the females themselves. Because women had already been distinguished and separated from their male counterparts, they began to slowly justify their appearance to a point of obsession; in order to regain control over themselves and indeed, the communities around them. Authenticity therefore plays a key feature of this construct, as it implies loyalty to the cause, righteousness of women all over the world and reinforces the distinction between man and woman in favor of the woman’s wants, and not the man’s. The Rationality vs. Irrationality argument also serves to explain the Voluntary vs. Involuntary argument. Involuntary actions such as weight loss are vindicated and sought after by pro-ana communities as the group’s rationale is solidified as a result of the action. An element of hysteria defines this general attitude; in Freudian terms, this means the wide categorization of repressed and unconscious problems such as a sexual repression and patriarchal abuse. Whether this idea is still relevant or not today will be discussed in this essay, and also subsequently whether pro-ana communities can be judged as ‘communities’ at all; given their ideological state rather than their corporeal one. It could be said that pro-ana communities only really exist in member’s minds – media platforms such as the internet and gloss magazines give members the opportunity for collectivism, acting as mechanisms with which to forward their thoughts. (More on this later) To further the history of pro-ana communities, the essay will also look at where self-starvation originated from, and how it preserved itself through the ages. Whether it be for spiritual practice or a political act, the process remains the same, and it is the authenticity of the act that gives it its weight. The essay will analyze why self-starvation implies power over the intended target (the opposite gender, governments, even God). Michel Foucault’s theory of power and knowledge will underline this deliberation, as will his book Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. In this book, Foucault defines the evolution of madness through the Renaissance, the Classical Age and the Modern Age, suggesting that in the first phase (the Renaissance) ‘mad’ people were represented in art as possessing wisdom and knowledge of the limits of our reasoned world. This gives reason for the birth of pro-ana communities. By ‘othering’ themse lves from the rest of society, perhaps they feel that they harbor more power and knowledge over sociological conformities. Foucault also argues that the conceptual distinction between ‘mad’ and ‘sane’ people was the forefront to what he has dubbed â€Å"The Great Confinement† – which saw ‘mad’ people being locked away in institutions and exiled from the rest of society. They were separated completely. But here we see pro-ana communities existing in plain sight, in media representation and even the wilful acts of its advocates. They wish to be separate; but in a way that renders them safe from total banishment, in a way that still awards them power and distinction through the authenticity of their actions. This feeling of confinement seems to be also felt in schools. Rich and Miah (2010) examined how school life can affect female self-surveillance by distorting it and separating the person as a result. The ability to self- govern is also directly weakened by these public perceptions. Thus, this section of the essay will also concentrate on the distinction between the mind and the body – a theory first introduced by Descartes. The essay will then move on to more contemporary matters such as the depiction of women in media and advertising, and specific problems caused by these perceptions such as the ‘yummy mummy’ label that has seen rise in recent years (Notably in 2007, with the creation of Liz Fraser’s The Yummy Mummy’s Survival Guide). This wave has seen even new mother’s going to extreme lengths to make sure they look as attractive as possible after giving birth. Easy-to-read books like this that are clearly aimed at housewives propel the attitude that pro-ana communities share. It is an obsession over appearance and an empowerment as a result of ‘buying in to the modern life’. What makes this matter more widespread and significant is its habit of ownership over people – For instance, when the press made Sarah Jessica Parker into public property, the general consensus was that she was allowed to be criticized, judged, labelled or complimented by any one in the world that knew her name. In this scenario, the press are the ones that benefit, the population become uniform in their opinions and Sarah Jessica Parker is seen as sub-human; not real, not authentic†¦ a picture in a magazine. The benefits of pro-ana communities therefore is that women can see each other for real, talk to one another and second-handedly urge each other to carry on the habit. Pro-anorexia communities have since appeared all over the internet on mediums such as Facebook, Myspace, etc. This platform has enabled a new breed of networking that has never been seen before. Members of a community now have the ability to share and discuss their thoughts, struggles and even brag about their condition to other women in a similar situation. Pro-ana communities have become interactive as such, and owing to negative media attention, members have become more and more disassociated from the rest of society as they believe that they are the empowered ones struggling with being misunderstood. Their mal-adaptive behaviors therefore become real, authentic actions because rationality has been linked to them in the sense that they are now fighting for something against someone. What makes these communities more disassociated and somewhat ‘mad’ themselves is that the websites they use have developed hierarchies of eating disorders, with anorexia at the top. Whether or not these hierarchies imply an order of power relations remains to be discovered, and will be something that will be un-veiled in the essay. Something that is clear however, is the fact that the online communities do seem to be heavily connected to a form of gender capital in favor of hegemonic femininity. To demonstrate how important authenticity is to pro-ana communities, the essay will also focus upon the â€Å"wannarexics†. These are the frauds of the online communities; the ones that present pictures of themselves that do not correspond to their real-life bodies. They are the subject of ridicule in a pro-ana community, and show an apparent lack of respect for those that are truly anorexic and have chosen to be as a lifestyle choice. There are policies and rules that these communities have (like any other community) to police their membership. For instance, photos must be posted of member’s bodies, and so must they post food reports of what they have eaten on any given day. Group fasting is a growing fad too; including surveys and ‘weigh-ins’. This proves that being able to relate to one another is essential in a pro-ana community, and that authenticity is the key to their survival. Self-policing is becoming a more well-known and collected movement as well (as it has been under the radar for many years before). Self-hatred is described as being as great motivation tool, as well as recounting such bodily effects as hair loss, the loss of a period and motivational insults (calling one another ‘fat’). This interaction, together with the previous point, makes up the primary points of why authenticity is truly important to pro-ana communities, and will culminate the main body of the essay. These communities are also non-recovery based; meaning that the disorder is looked upon with sympathetic, understanding eyes and in a way that does not accept that anything is wrong. Cure is not an option, or even something that should be sought out. However, the pro-ana community does accept the glamorization of ‘thinning’, and this is what brings about the importance of authenticity for members. Women depicted in the media are not as real, not as flesh and blood as the people you personally know in a pro-ana community. Whilst identifying the attributes of these communities, the essay will also examine the rise of eating disorders in the late 20th Century, and define the extent of social construction of such disorders. Body dysmorphic disorder for instance, could be argued to be a social invention put into women’s minds by the effect of media advertising; whilst on the other hand, anorexia nervosa could be deemed a legitimate medical condition. To conclude a previous point that considered whether or not pro-ana communities could be judged as communities at all; we see huge differences in the definitions of modern and post-modern societies: Modernity and Community Stable, structured and physical (Along class, gender, occupational or ethnic lines) Postmodernity and Community Fluid and contingent, increased movement, virtual, viral, not reliant on modern social structures (class, gender, occupation, ethnicity) The essay will conclude that pro-ana communities cannot be defined as ‘communities’ in the modern sense of the word, and will deliberate on how this came to be through the introduction of the internet, worldwide media etc. Furthermore, after listing the previous reasons as to why authenticity is incredibly important in pro-anorexia communities, the essay will reach a logical conclusion: that authenticity reinforces member’s power and knowledge of their gender and their gender separation – thereby allowing them to continue their hegemonic culture. Bibliography Adler, K. and M. Pointon (eds) (1993) The Body Imaged: The Human Form and Visual Culture since the Renaissance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Badger, S. (2010) ‘â€Å"Where the Excess Grows†. Demarcating â€Å"Normal† and â€Å"Pathological† Obese Bodies’, in E. Ettorre, Culture, Bodies and the Sociology of Health. Farnham: Ashgate. Chapter 7. Black, P. (2004) The Beauty Industry: Gender, Culture, Pleasure. London: Routledge. Blacking, J. (1977) The Anthropology of the Body. London: Academic Press. GN316.A88 1975. Boero, N. & Pascoe, C.J. 2012. Pro-Anorexia Communities and Online Interaction: Bringing the Pro-Ana Body Online. Body Society. Vol. 18 No. 2 27 – 57. DOI: 10.1177/1357034X12440827 Bordo, S. R. (2004) Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. Boyle, R. (1991) ‘The Art of the Body in the Discourse of Postmodernity’, in Featherstone, M., M. Hepworth and B.S. Turner (eds) The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory. London: Sage. Chapter 11. Also in Theory, Culture and Society, 5(2): 527-542. Bray, A. (2005) ‘The Anorexic Body: Reading Disorders’, in T. Atkinson (ed.) The Body. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Chapter 12. Burke, P. (2004) ‘Frontiers of the monstrous: Perceiving national characters in early modern Europe’ in L. Lunger Knoppers and J.B. Landers (eds) Monstrous Bodies / Political Monstrosities in Early Modern Europe. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 25-39. Butler, J. (1993) Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex. New York and London: Routledge. Cheesman, T. (1996) ‘Modernity/Monstrosity: Eating Freaks (Germany, c. 1700)’, Body and Society, 2:1 (1-31). Crossley, N. (2006) ‘In the Gym: Motives, Meaning and Moral Careers’, Body and Society, 12: 23-50. Descartes, R. 1999. Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, 4th Ed. Hackett Classics. ISBN-10: 0872204200 DuBois, P. (1988) Sowing the Body: Psychoanalysis and Ancient Representations of Women. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. HQ1134.D82 Egmond, F. and R. Zwijnenberg (eds) (2003) Bodily Extremities: Preoccupations with the Human Body in Early Modern European Culture. Aldershot: Ashgate. NX650.H741362 2003. Ettorre, E. (2010) Culture, Bodies and the Sociology of Health. Farnham: Ashgate. Featherstone, M. (2010) ‘Body, Image and Affect in Consumer Culture’, Body and Society, 16(1): 193-221. Featherstone, M., M. Hepworth and B.S. Turner (eds) (1991) The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory. London: Sage. Ferguson, H. (1997) ‘Me and My Shadows: On the Accumulation of Body-Images in Western Society Part One – The Image and the Image of the Body in Pre-Modern Society’, Body and Society, 3(3): 1-31. Filmer, P. (1999) ‘Embodiment and Civility in Early Modernity: Aspects of Relations between Dance, the Body and Sociocultural Change’, Body and Society, 5(1): 1-16. Fournier, V. (2002) ‘Fleshing Out Gender: Crafting Gender Identity on Women’s Bodies’, Body and Society, 8(2): 55-77. Fraser, L. 2007. The Yummy Mummy’s Survival Guide. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd. ISBN-10: 0007213441. Frost, L. (2005) ‘Theorizing the Young Woman in the Body’, Body and Society, 11(1): 63-85. Gauntlett, D. (2004) Media, Gender and Identity. An Introduction. London: Routledge. Chapters 5 and 6. Gilman, S.L. (1995) Health and Illness. Images of Difference. London: Reaktion Books. Multiple chapters. Giordano, S. (2010) Exercise and Eating Disorders: An Ethical and Legal Analysis. London: Rutledge.Hancock, P. (et al) (2000) The Body, Culture and Society: An Introduction. Buckingham: Open University Press. Multiple chapters. Harris, J.G. (1998) Foreign Bodies and the Body Politic: Discourses of Social Pathology in Early Modern England. London: Sage. Howson, A. (2013) The Body in Society: An Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press. Lunger Knoppers, L. and J.B. Landers (eds) (2004) Monstrous Bodies / Political Monstrosities in Early Modern Europe. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. D231.M66 2004. Murray, S. (2008) The ‘Fat’ Female Body. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Probyn, E. (2005) ‘Beyond Food/Sex: Eating and an Ethics of Existence’, in T. Atkinson (ed.) The Body. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Chapter 15. Reeves, C. (2010) A Cultural History of the Human Body. Vol. 4, In the Age of Enlightenment. Oxford: Berg. Rich, E. & Miah, A. 2010. Prosthetic Surveillance: The Medical Governance of Healthy Bodies in Cyberspace. Surveillance & Society. Rich, E. (2010) Obesity Assemblages and Surveillance in Schools. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 23(7): 803-821. Riley, S. (et al) (2007) Critical Bodies: Representations, Identities and Practices of Weight and Body Management. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Russo, M. (1995) The Female Grotesque: Risk, Excess and Modernity. London: Routledge. Sappington, R. and T. Stallings (eds) (1994) Uncontrollable Bodies: Testimonies of Identity and Culture. Seattle, Wash.: Bay Press. Seale, C. (2002) Media and Health. London: Sage. Shilling, C. (2003) The Body and Social Theory. London: Sage Publications. Seale, C. (2002) Media and Health. London: Sage. Shilling, C. (2005) The Body in Culture, Technology and Society. London: Sage. Shilling, C. (2008) Changing Bodies: Habit, Crisis and Creativity. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi and Singapore: Sage. St. Martin, L. and N. Gavey, (1996) ‘Women’s Bodybuilding: Feminist Resistance and/or Femininity’s Recuperation?’, Body and Society, 2(4): 45-57. Synnott, A. (1993) The Body Social: Symbolism, Self and Society. London: Routledge. Turner, B.S. (1991) ‘The Discourse of Diet’, in Featherstone, M., M. Hepworth and B.S. Turner (eds) The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory. London: Sage. Chapter 5. Turner, B.S. (2008) The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory. London: Sage. Wegenstein, B. and N. Ruck, (2011) ‘Physiognomy, Reality Television and the Cosmetic Gaze’, Body and Society, 17(4): 27-54. Williams, S.J. (2005) Medicine and the Body. London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage. Chapters 6 and 8.

Global Communications †Issue and Opportunity Identification

Global Communications – Issue and Opportunity Identification Free Online Research Papers Global Communications is faced with challenges as well as opportunities as it struggles to bounce back from falling stocks and competition. The company has been forced to make drastic decisions in order to survive in the telecommunications industry. For example, GC has partnered with a satellite provider to offer new products and services for customers. However, the most recent decision to outsource call centers to India and Ireland would create layoffs, and the plan has been scorned by the public and the Union. Employee morale is low and the Union is threatening to take legal action. Global Communications must explore alternatives, rebuild relationships, and improve organizational commitment in the hopes of succeeding. Situation Analysis Issue and Opportunity Identification Global Communications is faced with several challenges. These challenges include tough competition within the industry that has forced the company to rethink its business plans as consumers demand more advanced services. In an attempt to address the issues GC is faced with, GC has planned to outsource its call centers to India and Ireland allowing for a significant reduction in labor costs. Second, the company has partnered with a satellite company to provide additional products and services to customers. Third, GC plans to launch an international marketing campaign which plans to increase profits. The Union’s disapproval of the plan was not anticipated. Executives realized the decision would not be favored however, the Union’s threat for legal action was unexpected. The public’s opinion was greatly influenced by the lack of loyalty to employees and the apparent contract manipulation. Executives at Global Communications were presented with issues that required critical thinking to realize the opportunities they could achieve. â€Å"But vigilance and an understanding of how to manage decision-making groups and organizational constraints will improve the process and result in better decisions.† (Bateman, 2004, p.89). However, the decision making process was completely inadequate. Benchmarking research was limited, alternatives were not considered and risks were not taken into consideration. GC executives must now address the current issues GC is facing. These issues include: competition in the telecommunications industry, changes in technology, customer expectations, employee morale, company-union relations, and the image perceived by the public. By changing the strategy of decision-making, Global Communications can become a leader in the industry. Effective decision-making requires compiling alternative solutions together, many which can be generated by including employees in discussion sessions. Opportunities or challenges can be identified by talking to employees, customers, and other stakeholders. (Problem Solving Based Scenarios, n.d., p.4). Also, generic benchmarking, â€Å"looking beyond your own industry for the best practice† (Maul, n.d.,p.1), should provide new perspectives that would further identify alternatives. The idea is to generate as many alternative solutions as possible, eventually selecting the best alternative with the least rick involved. To regain profits, Global Communications must also develop strategies to increase organizational commitment. Announcing that lay-offs and pay decreases were likely to led to decreased employee morale and damaging company-union relationships, this would damage the company’s reputation. The Union has threatened legal action against Global Communications. To gain the trust back within the organization and the community, GC must improve communication within the company and involve the employees in the decision-making process. As morale increases, employees’ satisfaction of their jobs increases. Increased job satisfaction improves job performance, customer satisfaction and customer retention. Global Communications must also realize that the customer’s needs should determine the direction that they should take to succeed. GC cannot meet these needs alone however, exploring various options would prove beneficial. Stakeholder Perspectives/Ethical Dilemmas Several stakeholders with various perspectives exist in the Global Communications scenario. While each group has its own perspectives, some conflicting interests, rights, and values must be evaluated. First, profitability for the company is a priority for several stakeholders, including executive management and potential GC partners. The need to be profitable may generate an ethical dilemma in relation to the needs of the Global Communications’ employees, particularly if lay-offs or pay decreases are necessary for profitability. Although company executives and employees agree that respect and fairness to others are important, the need for profitability may override those values. Second, partnerships for GC and its partners may be dependent on the reputation of each individual company. Third, each entity within the telecommunications industry realizes the competition for survival is threatening and the outcome of GC’s struggle to survive may define the entire industry. Problem Statement Advancements in technology and competition within the telecommunications industry have affected Global Communications. Stock values have dramatically decreased, customers have been dissatisfied with the services offered, employees have been threatened with layoffs and the company-union relationship has been negatively affected. GC must regain its image by developing new services in a global market. End-State Vision Global Communications will become an internationally competitive entity by providing advanced technologically services through partnerships, employee loyalty, and customer satisfaction. By responding to the needs of the stakeholders, GC will regain the profits it lost. Global Communications must respond to the immediate needs of the employees and Union by mending relationships. Secondly, the company must respond to the demands of customers for new and improved services. The most logical choice would be to form partnerships that will allow the company to provide services quickly and safely to consumers. Next, GC should expand its customer’s and increase the retention between established customers. Global Communications ultimate goal is global expansion within three years. As plans are implemented to rebuild broken relationships, improve customer service, increase customer retention, and become global, GC should begin to regain profitability it once had. Alternative Solutions Seldom exist a single best solution to any problem. Rather there are a set or range of alternatives, one or more of which may work. (Problem Solving Based Scenarios: An Approach to Identify Opportunities to Create Value for the Business, n.d., p.7). Through the information that was gathered through benchmarking research, Global Communications can explore a variety of solutions. The first proposed solution, GC’s initial approach to outsource call centers, has been selected by a number of companies as a means to reduce costs, including IBM and Honeywell. Both IBM and Honeywell have chosen to layoff and off-shoring. This approach does not address the stakeholder needs of the customers or employees. This solution alone does not meet the needs identified in the problem statement. Delta Airlines and Global Communications have faced many of the same issues, and Delta’s approach provides a multifaceted alternative solution, each aspect was in direct response to the needs of various stakeholders including employees, the union, customers and share holders. After filing Chapter 11, Delta recognized the need for organizational commitment, which â€Å"is higher in organizations that fulfill their obligations to employees and abide by humanitarian values, such as fairness, courtesy, forgiveness and moral integrity.† (McShane, 2005,p.128). Placing emphasis on the value of employee contribution, the company held informative meetings to include employee input, giving incentives or rewards to employees, and provided up front communication. Delta’s proposed merger with Northwest Airlines promises to make Delta a global airline and increase stock over 65% in four years while saving Delta’s company-union relationship. Global Communications can be a leader in the telecommunications industry by addressing the interests of each stakeholder like Delta did. Sears approached its decrease in market shares and profits by completely restructuring the company, beginning with a new CEO. With the need to improve internal leadership, processes, and performance, this huge undertaking requires a thorough understanding of â€Å"the real issues and opportunities from all perspectives.† (Problem Solving Based Scenarios, n.d., p.5). While this approach has unlimited value, the timelines for Global Communications must be considered. Analysis of Alternative Solutions Different solutions were evaluated against a set of weighted goals. The weight or importance of each goal was determined according to a scale of one to five; one being of low importance and five being of high importance. The probability of meeting each individual goal was rated on the scale thus, the best two or three alternatives were selected for further consideration. Two goals were rated as high importance because of the direct relationship with profitability. The direct relationship included increasing the customer base/retention and increasing the stock value. The next two goals, increasing customer satisfaction and maintaining positive feedback in employees’ surveys, were rated as medium to high importance. Success is represented by customer satisfaction. Finally, expanding the international customer base was rated as middle importance because the timeline for establishing a global presence is projected to take three years. When the alternative solutions were evaluated against the weighted goals, one primary solution received higher a rating which was forming global alliances/mergers. A second solution, investing in employees and negotiating with the Union, received a lower score; a combination of the two solutions as a secondary solution receives the highest score of all. Risk Assessment and Mitigation Techniques The risks associated with each solution appear to be controllable, with benefits outweighing the overall risks involved. These risks can be minimized by careful planning. Wakeam ( 2003) identifies the following three risks associated with forming global alliances/mergers. First, cross-cultural conflict arising from the affect of political, cultural and social forces can be significantly reduced by researching some best business practices for a particular location. The company must learn to pay attention to marketing and advertising. Secondly, the potential for different visions and metrics among partners may change the direction of the business therefore, leading to alliance failure. The risks can be reduced by developing shared metrics, mapping key executives to their alliance counterparts, and holding regular meetings. Third, the effect of uncontrollable economic trends within various markets can quickly change alliance profitability. A company can help protect itself from conseque nces by frequently monitoring the status of reports and watching for new risks that may occur. One key factor in Global Communications’ success would be investing in employees and negotiating with the Union. The company’s risks further damage of relationships if efforts are not successful. Employees lack of motivation, unrealistic goals and performance standards, unmet expectations for rewards/incentives, and the inability to reach agreements must be addressed by consistent communication. Placing emphasis on the value of employee input and stockholder needs are important. Optimal Solution Based on different solutions and the risk assessment, a comprehensive solution for Global Communications can be made to help the company address issues and realize opportunities. The decision to form global mergers has many benefits that will allow to GC to meet its goals. Establishing a global presence, improving and expanding services to consumers, expanding the customer base while saving retention and increasingly profitability are all goals GC has established to try to meet to become successful again. Investing in employees and negotiating with the Union will also meet the company’s end-stated goals, directly improving the relationship between the two. Implementation Plan The challenge for implementing the optimal solution requires commitment from management support and employee contribution. According to Bateman, implementation requires four steps that will help ensure this commitment: (1) define the necessary strategic tasks in a simple language; (2) evaluate the organization’s ability to implement those tasks; (3) develop implementation agenda; and (4) implement the plan while monitoring the progress being made. The tasks for implementation of GC’s solution have been indentified: introduction of new services; formation of global mergers; investment into the employees; and Union negotiation. Global Communications must realize four major challenges before implementation can begin. These challenges include: â€Å"(1) the organizational immune system, (2) numerous complex variables, (3) the interconnectedness of elements affecting change, and (4) the need to change everything at once.† (Kotelnikov, 2008). Effective implementation may be limited by the organizational immune system or complex variables such as technology and organizational arrangements. Any change can create a ripple effect within the organization because of interconnected nature of organizational elements. The desired outcome can only be reached by making changes within overlapping issues. The plan for Global Communications will be guided by a committee whose members include executive management and middle management. This committee is responsible for the various aspects of implementation, picking team leaders and members, and determining the extent of decision-making to be assigned to each team leader. During the first month the committee should develop a new vision statement for the company and select team leaders and members. All disruptions in implementing should be reported to the committee. The first strategic task, the introduction of new products and services to meet consumer demands will be addressed by the Customer Response team. The team leader should be someone who is trusted and well-respected. The team members should include various performers with customer experience. The team should research customer’s needs, identify customer service issues and opportunities, and conduct benchmarking research for addressing the findings. Initial findings should be reported to the committee within the first three months. The second task which is forming alliances/mergers’ will be assigned to a new Strategic Alliance Team. They will identify potential partners who can share GC’s vision and provide services to the customer’s needs. The team should identify best practices within the industry for the merger’s to make recommendations as needed. Team members should be familiar with Global Communications’ financial status. Any recommendation should be submitted to the committee within six months. The next task would be to invest in the employees. Creating a successful Employee Incentive Program (EIP) according to best practice standards would be beneficial to the employees. The EIP director will evaluate incentive/reward options according to the benchmarking research that was conducted. Some options include stock distribution, pay for performance, or skill pay for cross-training. The overall program should focus on alignment with Global Communications’ vision and establishing feedback through communication. All EIP activities should be approved by the committee. The last task is to negotiate with the Union. Communication between the EIP director and Union representatives is essential for issues to be resolved in a timely manner. The EIP director does not have the authority in such matters. However, the EIP director should report any outstanding issues to the executive management team. Management and the EIP director both need to be present at every Union meeting. Evaluation of Results Global Communications’ strategy to turn the company around within a three year period will be evaluated using specific metrics and targets as related to each end-state goal that was previously discussed. First, GC will watch stock value as a metric for overall profitability. Stock values have decreased by half and the company expects to increase stock value by 25-35% annually, thus allowing for a projected three-year recovery time frame. Second, GC expects customer’s to be satisfied therefore, satisfaction scores should improve annually by 5-10% as services are expanded through alliances. Third, as the demands of customers are met GC anticipates a 15-25% annual customer base increase and a 5-8% annual customer retention improvement. Fourth, as Global Communications improves the relations with the Union and employees, the company should exceed expectations in 75-85% of annual morale and job satisfaction surveys. Finally, the percentage of international customers within t he customer base should increase to 25-35% within the three years. The metrics chosen for each end state goal are derived mainly from existing reports. Using a new measuring system for evaluation is not recommended. These metrics do not take into account uncontrollable economic, organizational, or social variables. The assumption is made that the implementation process for all solutions will be a success. Failure to meet these expectations should be evaluated by management. Conclusion The challenges for Global Communications’ are clearly defined. The company must make informed decisions to ensure survival in a competitive market. Global Communications must restructure services by entering into mutually beneficial partnerships. This will allow for expansion of its customers’ base. GC can then start to focus on becoming internationally competitive industry by exploring alternative solutions as they are developed. The company must also restore broken relationships with employees and re-build its reputation. With the understanding that integrity is of most importance, this will help ensure success in the industry. In addition, Global Communications must determine to build organizational commitment to increase job satisfaction, employee performance, increase morale, and customer satisfaction and retention. References Bateman, T., Snell, S. (2004). Management: The new competitive landscape. (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Kotelnikov, V. (2008). Strategy implementation: Factors impeding strategy implementation. Retrieved June 1, 2009, from University of Phoenix, ProQuest database. Maul, J. (2006). Generic benchmarking: For solving problems†¦and for life. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from University of Phoenix, rEsource. MMPBL500. Foundations Of problem-based learning website. McShane, S. (2005). Workplace emotions and attitudes. Organizational behavior: Emerging Realities for the workplace revolution. Ohio: McGraw-Hill. Problem solving based scenarios: An approach to identify opportunities to create value for Business. Retrieved June 2, 2009, from University of Phoenix, rEsource. MMPBL500. Foundations of problem-based learning website. Wakeam, J. (2003). The five factors of a strategic alliance. Retrieved June 1, 2009, from iveybusinessjournal.com/view_article.asp?intArticle_ID=417. Research Papers on Global Communications - Issue and Opportunity IdentificationThe Project Managment Office SystemTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceGenetic Engineering

Todo sobre la doble nacionalidad en Estados Unidos

Todo sobre la doble nacionalidad en Estados Unidos La doble nacionalidad significa que una persona puede ser ciudadana de dos paà ­ses al mismo tiempo. Y, en el caso de  Estados Unidos se admite esta posibilidad, pero hay inconvenientes importantes que conviene tener en cuenta. Para entender la situacià ³n y los posibles problemas hay que comenzar una informacià ³n corta sobre quà © dice la ley, seguido de una explicacià ³n de situaciones que dan lugar a que una persona pueda tener doble nacionalidad, para finalizar con los problemas que puede causar esta situacià ³n. Quà © dicen las leyes de USA sobre la doble nacionalidad Curiosamente, las leyes no mencionan la doble nacionalidad y en ninguna ley se obliga a elegir entre una nacionalidad u otra, aunque sà ­ contempla la posibilidad de su pà ©rdida. Adems, en la prctica se puede decir que Estados Unidos no alienta estas situaciones. La razà ³n es que pueden surgir problemas porque significa que una persona tiene, al mismo tiempo,  lealtad a dos paà ­ses distintos  y debe cumplir la ley de ambas naciones. De ahà ­ pueden nacer conflictos. Adems, la  proteccià ³n  que los Estados Unidos otorgan a sus ciudadanos puede verse limitada en los casos de doble nacionalidad, particularmente cuando una persona se encuentra en el paà ­s del que tambià ©n es nacional. Por ejemplo, si una persona con doble nacionalidad est en un paà ­s extranjero del que tambià ©n es ciudadano y, segà ºn las leyes del mismo,  debe cumplir  con el servicio militar, poco podr hacer los Estados Unidos para evitar que cumpla con esta obligacià ³n.Y al mismo tiempo esa persona puede estar  obligada  a registrarse con el Servicio Selectivo en Estados Unidos, a pesar de vivir en el extranjero Y lo mismo ocurre en los casos de  arrestos o detenciones. La embajada americana se ver impedida en estos casos de doble nacionalidad  para ejercer toda su influencia de proteccià ³n. A pesar de estos posibles inconvenientes lo cierto es que la doble nacionalidad es un hecho frecuente en Estados Unidos, aunque no se puede hablar de cifras porque no hay rà ©cords oficiales. Aunque se estima que puede afectar a varios millones de estadounidenses. Eso es porque es relativamente fcil obtener la doble nacionalidad. 5 formas de adquirir la doble nacionalidad en Estados Unidos Una persona puede tener ms de un pasaporte por diversas razones, entre las que destacan las siguientes: 1. Por nacimiento en Estados Unidos (o en Puerto Rico u otro territorio de USA), cuando el bebà © tambià ©n adquiere de forma automtica la nacionalidad de los padres, si uno de estos es extranjero. Esto es asà ­ salvo en el caso de bebà ©s que no tienen derecho a la  ciudadanà ­a americana a pesar de haber  nacido en Estados Unidos. 2. Por nacimiento en otro paà ­s, cuando el padre o la madre es estadounidense  y siempre y cuando se cumplan una serie de requisitos. En este caso se podrà ­a adquirir en el momento de nacer la ciudadanà ­a de USA por uno de los padres y la del paà ­s en el  que se nace, si se trata de un paà ­s que otorga la nacionalidad por nacer dentro de sus fronteras. 3. Por naturalizacià ³n de un inmigrante en los Estados Unidos, cuando se conserva la nacionalidad original. No todos los paà ­ses permiten que sus ciudadanos se hagan americanos. Puede suceder que les retiren el pasaporte al naturalizarse o que simplemente ignoren que se han convertido en estadounidenses. Conviene verificar las leyes del paà ­s de origen para evitar sorpresas desagradables. 4. Por decisià ³n voluntaria, como por ejemplo un americano adquiere la nacionalidad de su cà ³nyuge o la del paà ­s en la que reside. Y en este caso es cuando podrà ­a haber problemas que se explican ms abajo. 5. Y otras formas menos comunes. Aquà ­ se puede informacià ³n detallada sobre todas las formas posibles para obtener la ciudadanà ­a americana. Estados Unidos no pone problemas cuando la doble nacionalidad se da de forma automtica, por ejemplo, en casos de naturalizacià ³n para adquirir la ciudadanà ­a americana sin renunciar a la que se tenà ­a o en los casos de nacimiento. Es ms, permite que se utilicen dos pasaportes distintos, el de Estados Unidos y el otro, si bien para entrar y salir de USA à ºnicamente y sin excepciones el documento a utilizar es el pasaporte americano. Esta  es una lista de los documentos   que los ciudadanos pueden utilizar para ingresar a USA Riesgo de pà ©rdida de la ciudadanà ­a americana Sin embargo, sà ­ que puede haber problemas si una nueva ciudadanà ­a se adquiere voluntariamente al solicitarla de forma expresa. Por ejemplo, cuando un ciudadano americano se va a vivir a otro paà ­s y decide adquirir esa nacionalidad. Aquà ­ las autoridades americanas de la Embajada o consulado pueden considerar que hay una intencià ³n de renunciar a la ciudadanà ­a y se puede acabar perdiendo. No est claro quà © es intencià ³n de renunciar  a la ciudadanà ­a, ya que resulta de un conjunto de comportamientos, por lo que hay que tener cuidado y seguir operando como americano: pago de impuestos en USA, recibir el pago del cheque de la jubilacià ³n, estar registrado para el voto exterior,  etc. Adems, estos son otros casos en los que se corre el riesgo de perder la nacionalidad estadounidense.   Por à ºltimo destacar que obviamente se puede renunciar voluntariamente a la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense, pero es necesario seguir un procedimiento y hay consecuencias, particularmente para los que lo hacen con el fin de evitar pagar impuestos en Estados Unidos. Esta es una lista de 10 famosos estadounidenses  que renunciaron a la nacionalidad por diversas causas. Inconvenientes de la doble nacionalidad Las principales son dos: doble imposicià ³n y prohibicià ³n o dificultad para acceder a ciertos trabajos Una de las desventajas de la doble nacionalidad es la doble imposicià ³n, es decir  la obligacià ³n de pagar impuestos en los dos paà ­ses  de los que se es ciudadano. Estados Unidos impone la obligacià ³n de completar anualmente las planillas de impuestos aà ºn cuando se resida continuamente fuera del paà ­s. A la hora de determinar si hay que pagar impuestos y cunto es necesario tener en cuenta si existe algà ºn acuerdo internacional entre los EEUU y el otro paà ­s con el que se tiene la doble nacionalidad. De hecho, en la actualidad y segà ºn datos del  Registro Federal, se estn dando nà ºmero rà ©cord (aunque aà ºn pequeà ±os) de ciudadanos americanos que renuncian a su nacionalidad por razones precisamente econà ³micas, para evitar pagar impuestos en dos paà ­ses. Otra desventaja es la imposibilidad de acceder a cierto tipo de trabajos  En Estados Unidos muchos trabajos en empresas privadas, para el gobierno o ciertas posiciones dentro del Ejà ©rcito requieren un pase de seguridad (security clearance). La doble nacionalidad por sà ­ misma no es causa en la mayorà ­a de las ocasiones para que se deniegue un security clearance. Pero bajo las siguientes circunstancias es relativamente comà ºn: Uso de otro pasaporte, a menos que sea anterior a la adquisicià ³n de la nacionalidad americanaRealizar el servicio militar en otro paà ­s, a menos que ocurriera antes de hacerse americano.Aceptar beneficios mà ©dicos, de jubilacià ³n, educativos o similares del otro paà ­s del que tambià ©n se es nacional.Utilizar la otra ciudadanà ­a para proteger sus intereses econà ³micos  o de negocios en otro paà ­s.Participar como candidato en las elecciones de otro paà ­s, aunque no se resulte elegido.Desempeà ±ar un cargo pà ºblico en otro paà ­s (esta es una causa relativamente comà ºn por la que se renuncia a la nacionalidad americana).Votar en las elecciones de otro paà ­s. Esto solo en situaciones muy raras y extremas.Actuar en nombre de otro gobierno y defender sus intereses Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Solution on how engineering text books could be made affordable to Essay - 1

Solution on how engineering text books could be made affordable to mechanical engineering students - Essay Example Amadallo D.1 argues that, "I could have performed much better than I am doing now if all or at least a good fraction of the text books I've always needed were made available. My grades are affected negatively by the fact that I do not have most of the recommended books". Asked to explain why this is so, the student claims that though the texts are available in the stores, the price tag on each is disappointing! The cry of this student reflects that of the many students taking the course in the many higher institutions of learning all over the world. There is need to find a solution to this "price tag" problem, so that we can be certain that the future mechanical engineers are trained appropriately as per the demands of their dynamic field. Publishers of the mechanical engineering books on the other hand do not see any unjustifiable reasons for the high costs of the products; the books have higher production costs anyway, even in terms of quality production as compared to the other fields! The scope or range of material that a particular book customary includes and the contents, referring to the subjects or topics usually covered in any engineering book directly implies higher costs (D. W. King and C Tenopir.1999). The publishers claim that the blame should be laid on the stringent authorship restrictions, the policy imposing the limitations on who is eligible to submit any material for publication, which renders the field duly uncompetitive. The expensive acquisition of the many international publications that enjoy well deserved reputation, regional disparities that might exist, for example, addressing a methodological topic having little relevance elsewhere and high editing costs are also to blame. Students on the o ther hand do no agree with the claims laid by the publishers. They blame the publishers of taking advantage of the belief that the course is generally expensive citing the current price of a new algebra textbook approaching $110 with the publishers bringing out a new edition every three to four years just to prevent students from selling their used books (digg, 2006). The quality of the text contents should never be compromised and the validity of the authors should even be exposed to more stringent rules to protect the authenticity of any publications made. The students argue that techniques should be devised to make the unaffordable texts available to the students who need them, and this basically involves a modulation of the publishing costs. This can, for example be achieved by introducing mergers where senior engineering students and any willing departmental lecturers and scholars with a motivation to engage in the business of publishing are involved in editing, marketing or in sales and in any other aspect related to publishing operations, as a cost sharing initiative between the publishers of mechanical engineering text books and mechanical engineering students. To facilitate the provision of high quality and latest text books to the students at reasonable costs, it has been proposed that the books recommended for each course in the entrusted curriculum should be adopted as textbooks by all the universities (Revised Curriculum of Mechanical Engineering, 2003). The need for technical speciality is another major reason that contributes to the high cost of